TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE ON THE LOESS PLATEAU OF CHINA TOWARD GREEN DEVELOPMENT

● Agriculture on Loess Plateau has transformed from food shortage to green development. ● Terracing and check-dams are the key engineering measures to increase crop yields. ● Agronomic measures and policy support greatly increased crop production. ● Increasing non-agricultural income is a key part of increasing farmers’ income. ● Grain for Green Program had an overwhelming advantage in protecting environment. Loess Plateau of China is a typical dryland agricultural area. Agriculture there has transformed from food shortage toward green development over the past seven decades, and has achieved world-renowned achievements. During 1950–1980, the population increased from 42 to 77 million, increasing grain production to meet food demand of rapid population growth was the greatest challenge. Engineering measures such as terracing and check-dam were the crucial strategies to increase crop production. From 1981 to 2000, most of agronomic measures played a key role in increasing crops yield, and a series of policy support has benefited millions of smallholders. As expected, these measures and policies greatly increased crop production and basically achieved food security; but, low per capita GDP (only about 620 USD in 2000) was still a big challenge. During 2001–2015, the increase in agricultural and non-agricultural income together supported the increase in farmer income to 5781 USD·yr^–1. Intensive agriculture that relies heavily on chemicals increased crop productivity by 56%. Steadfast policy support such as “Grain for Green Program” had an overwhelming advantage in protecting the natural ecological environment. In the new era, the integration of science and technology innovations, policy support and positive societal factors will be the golden key to further improve food production, protect environment, and increase smallholder income.     

生物炭固定化微生物修复污染土壤研究进展

生物炭固定化微生物技术具有高效、成本低和环境友好性的优点,在土壤修复中展现出巨大的应用潜力,成为目前的研究热点。本文在系统总结国内外生物炭固定化微生物技术修复污染土壤的最新研究进展基础上,重点分析了生物炭作为载体的适宜性,探讨了微生物筛选的重要性,对比分析了固定化方法（如吸附法、包埋法、交联法和共价结合法等）,探究了不同环境因素对生物炭固定化微生物技术修复污染土壤效果的影响,揭示了生物炭与微生物修复重金属和有机污染土壤过程中多种作用机制的协同效应,既包括生物炭作为固定化载体对微生物的保护及快速定殖作用,也包括生物炭对污染物的吸附作用,还包括微生物对污染物的降解作用。最后,对该技术在土壤污染修复中的应用提出了展望和建议。     

南京市农村环境综合整治示范区典型探究

通过对南京市2010以来的农村环境连片整治建设工作进行实地考察及专题调研,以高淳区、江宁区工作内容为重点,探讨两地各有特色的建设模式,总结了目前南京市农村环境整治方面存在的普遍性问题和共同经验,提出推进农村环境连片整治工作的建议,为其它地区更好的开展农村环境整治工作提供借鉴。     

漆姑草属抗癌植物药学及生态价值研究概况

漆姑草是传统治疗漆疮的良药,其药用及生态价值有待进一步开发。在广泛文献检索的基础上,对漆姑草的鉴定、成分、药理、临床应用、生态价值及栽培技术等进行了概述,为深入研究和开发利用提供科学资料。     

东莞市耕地环境质量的压力-状态-响应分析与评价

基于"压力-状态-响应"模型建立了耕地环境质量评价框架及其指标体系。以东莞市为研究样区,采集182个耕地土壤样品,测定其重金属含量,结合东莞统计年鉴中的社会经济数据,对东莞市耕地环境质量进行评价,并通过协调度模型对其稳定性进行分析。结果表明:东莞市28.2%的耕地处于良好和较好水平,主要分布在北部河网平原区,该区作为供水工程水源地,环境受到严格保护;56.1%的耕地处于警戒水平,处于较差水平的耕地占总面积的15.7%,没有耕地处于极差水平。主要影响因素为经济发展和工业"三废"排放压力、耕地自然性状及其耕作管理状态、农药化肥过量施用等不合理的农户响应措施。压力、状态、响应指数协调度较低的乡镇有南城、望牛墩、沙田、长安,其耕地环境质量不稳定,是耕地环境质量管控的重点区域。     

生物有机肥和生物炭对Cd和Pb污染稻田土壤修复的研究

在田间试验条件下,研究施用生物有机肥和生物炭对稻田Cd 和Pb 污染的钝化修复效果。研究结果表明:施用生物有机肥和生物炭处理可以提高土壤pH值以及土壤养分含量,并显著降低土壤有效态Cd 和Pb 的含量,且土壤pH 值与土壤有效态Cd 和Pb 的含量呈极显著负相关;生物有机肥和生物炭处理还可以降低水稻体内Cd 和Pb 的含量,其中水稻糙米Cd 降幅达到了22.00%和18.34%,水稻糙米Pb 含量的降幅也达到了33.46%和12.31%,且水稻糙米Cd 和Pb 的含量与土壤有效态Cd 和Pb 的含量呈显著正相关。综合各处理对土壤pH 值、土壤养分含量、土壤有效态Cd 和Pb 的含量以及水稻Cd和Pb 的影响,可以看出生物有机肥和生物炭处理对于Cd 和Pb 污染稻田土壤有较好的修复效果。     

西藏农作物新品种、新技术引进示范项目研究

本项目应用示范青稞、冬春小麦、春油幕等新品种7个;示范应用与品种配套的新技术5项;采用基点应用与示范同时进行的方案实施,在较短的时间内达到项目预期目标。对促进西藏农作物新品种、新技术的引进、创新、应用起到积极、显著带动示范作用。     

Implications of crude oil pollution on natural regeneration of plant species in an oil-producing community in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

The study evaluated the impact of crude oil pollution on natural regeneration of plant species in a major oil-producing community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Three sites—unpolluted site(US), polluted and untreated site(PUS), and polluted and treated site(PTS)—were purposively chosen for the study. The seedling emergence method was used to evaluate soil seed banks in the various sites at two depths, 0 to 10 cm and 10 to 20 cm. Woody-plant species richness, abundance, and diversity were higher in the US seed bank than in the PUS and PTS seed banks. The highest number of non-woody plants was observed in the US, followed by the PTS, and then the PUS. Both species richness and diversity of non-woody plants were highest at the US, followed by the PUS, and lowest in the PTS. Woody species in the US seed bank were 87.5% and 80% dissimilar with those of the PUS and PTS at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm respectively. No variation was observed between woody species in the PUS and PTS seed banks. Non-woody species at 0-10 cm US seed bank were 73.08% dissimilar with those of PUS at the two soil depths and 81.48/88.46% dissimilar with those of the 0–10/10–20 cm of the PTS respectively. At 10–20 cm, non-woody species of the US were 69.66% dissimilar with those from each of the two soil depths in PUS; and 73.91/81.82% dissimilar with those of 0–10/10–20 cm of the PTS respectively. Non-woody species variation between the PUS and PTS was higher at 10–20 cm than 0–10 cm. The poor seed bank attributes at the polluted sites demonstrates that crude oil pollution negatively affected the natural regeneration potential of the native flora because soil seed banks serve as the building blocks for plant succession. Thorough remediation and enrichment planting are recommended to support the recovery process of vegetation in the polluted areas.     

新型小麦种衣剂的优势及应用技术

从出苗率高、安全性好、麦苗素质好、抗逆性强等方面分析了新型小麦种衣剂的优势,并从施用剂量、包衣方法、整田、播种等方面总结了其应用技术,以供参考。     

无公害鲜食葡萄病虫害综合防治新技术

介绍了无公害葡萄生产中的农药使用方法,分析了葡萄病虫害的关键期和关键防治措施,并总结了无公害鲜食葡萄病虫害综合防治技术,以期为无公害鲜食葡萄的栽培提供参考。